X-title: A beginner's guide to html

                          A BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO HTML



   This is a primer for producing documents in HTML, the markup language
   used by the World Wide Web.
     * Acronym Expansion
     * What This Primer Doesn't Cover
     * Creating HTML Documents
          + The Minimal HTML Document
          + Basic Markup Tags
               o Titles
               o Headings
               o Paragraphs
          + Linking to Other Documents
               o Relative Links Versus Absolute Pathnames
               o Uniform Resource Locator
               o Anchors to Specific Sections in Other Documents
               o Anchors to Specific Sections Within the Current Document
     * Additional Markup Tags
          + Lists
               o Unnumbered Lists
               o Numbered Lists
               o Definition Lists
               o Nested Lists
          + Preformatted Text
          + Extended Quotes
          + Addresses
     * Character Formatting
          + Physical Versus Logical: Use Logical Tags When Possible
               o Logical Styles
               o Physical Styles
          + Using Character Tags
          + Special Characters
               o Escape Sequences
               o Forced Line Breaks
               o Horizontal Rules
     * In-line Images
          + Alternate Text for Viewers That Can't Display Images
     * External Images, Sounds, and Animations
     * Troubleshooting
          + Avoid Overlapping Tags
          + Embed Anchors and Character Tags, But Not Anything Else
          + Check Your Links
     * A Longer Example
     * For More Information
          + Fill-out Forms
          + Style Guides
          + Other Introductory Documents
          + Additional References

Acronym Expansion

   WWW
          World Wide Web (or Web, for short).
   SGML
          Standard Generalized Markup Language -- this is a standard for
          describing markup languages.
   DTD

          Document Type Definition -- this is a specific markup language,
          written using SGML.
   HTML

          HyperText Markup Language -- HTML is a SGML DTD. In practical
          terms, HTML is a collection of styles (indicated by markup
          tags) that define the various components of a World Wide Web
          document.

What This Primer Doesn't Cover



   This primer assumes that you have:
     * at least a passing knowledge of how to use NCSA Mosaic or some
       other Web browser
     * a general understanding of how Web servers and client browsers
       work
     * access to a Web server for which you would like to produce HTML
       documents, or that you wish to produce HTML documents for personal
       use

Creating HTML Documents



   HTML documents are in plain (also known as ASCII) text format and can
   be created using any text editor (e.g., Emacs or vi on UNIX machines).
   A couple of Web browsers (tkWWW for X Window System machines and
   CERN's Web browser for NeXT computers) include rudimentary HTML
   editors in a WYSIWYG environment. There are also some WYSIWIG editors
   available now (e.g. HotMetal for Sun Sparcstations, HTML Edit for
   Macintoshes). You may wish to try one of them first before delving
   into the details of HTML.

     You can preview a document in progress with NCSA Mosaic (and some
     other Web browsers). Open it with the Open Local command under
     the File menu.

     After you edit the source HTML file, save the changes. Return to
     NCSA Mosaic and Reload the document. The changes are reflected in
     the on-screen display.

  THE MINIMAL HTML DOCUMENT



   Here is a bare-bones example of HTML:

    <TITLE>The simplest HTML example</TITLE>
    <H1>This is a level-one heading</H1>
    Welcome to the world of HTML.
    This is one paragraph.<P>
    And this is a second.<P>

   Click here to see the formatted version of the example.

   HTML uses markup tags to tell the Web browser how to display the text.
   The above example uses:
     * the <TITLE> tag (and corresponding </TITLE> tag), which specifies
       the title of the document
     * the <H1> header tag (and corresponding </H1>)
     * the <P> paragraph-separator tag



   HTML tags consist of a left angle bracket (<), (a ``less than'' symbol
   to mathematicians), followed by name of the tag and closed by a right
   angular bracket (>). Tags are usually paired, e.g. <H1> and </H1>. The
   ending tag looks just like the starting tag except a slash (/)
   precedes the text within the brackets. In the example, <H1> tells the
   Web browser to start formatting a level-one heading; </H1> tells the
   browser that the heading is complete.

   The primary exception to the pairing rule is the <P> tag. There is no
   such thing as </P>.

   NOTE: HTML is not case sensitive. <title> is equivalent to <TITLE> or
   <TiTlE>.

   Not all tags are supported by all World Wide Web browsers. If a
   browser does not support a tag, it just ignores it.

  BASIC MARKUP TAGS

    Title



   Every HTML document should have a title. A title is generally
   displayed separately from the document and is used primarily for
   document identification in other contexts (e.g., a WAIS search).
   Choose about half a dozen words that describe the document's purpose.

     In the X Window System and Microsoft Windows versions of NCSA
     Mosaic, the Document Title field is at the top of the screen just
     below the pulldown menus. In NCSA Mosaic for Macintosh, text tagged
     as <TITLE> appears as the window title.

    Headings



   HTML has six levels of headings, numbered 1 through 6, with 1 being
   the most prominent. Headings are displayed in larger and/or bolder
   fonts than normal body text. The first heading in each document should
   be tagged <H1>. The syntax of the heading tag is:

   <Hy>Text of heading </Hy >

   where y is a number between 1 and 6 specifying the level of the
   heading.

   For example, the coding for the ``Headings'' section heading above is

    <H3>Headings</H3>

      Title versus first heading



   In many documents, the first heading is identical to the title. For
   multipart documents, the text of the first heading should be suitable
   for a reader who is already browsing related information (e.g., a
   chapter title), while the title tag should identify the document in a
   wider context (e.g., include both the book title and the chapter
   title, although this can sometimes become overly long).

    Paragraphs



   Unlike documents in most word processors, carriage returns in HTML
   files aren't significant. Word wrapping can occur at any point in your
   source file, and multiple spaces are collapsed into a single space.
   (There are couple of exceptions; space following a <P> or <Hy> tag,
   for example, is ignored.) Notice that in the bare-bones example, the
   first paragraph is coded as

    Welcome to HTML.
    This is the first paragraph. <P>



   In the source file, there is a line break between the sentences. A Web
   browser ignores this line break and starts a new paragraph only when
   it reaches a <P> tag.

   Important: You must separate paragraphs with <P>. The browser ignores
   any indentations or blank lines in the source text. HTML relies almost
   entirely on the tags for formatting instructions, and without the <P>
   tags, the document becomes one large paragraph. (The exception is text
   tagged as ``preformatted,'' which is explained below.) For instance,
   the following would produce identical output as the first bare-bones
   HTML example:

    <TITLE>The simplest HTML example</TITLE><H1>This is a level
    one heading</H1>Welcome to the world of HTML. This is one
    paragraph.<P>And this is a second.<P>



   However, to preserve readability in HTML files, headings should be on
   separate lines, and paragraphs should be separated by blank lines (in
   addition to the <P> tags).

     NCSA Mosaic handles <P> by ending the current paragraph and
     inserting a blank line.



   In HTML+, a successor to HTML currently in development, <P> becomes a
   ``container'' of text, just as the text of a level-one heading is
   ``contained'' within<H1> ... </H1>:

    <P>
    This is a paragraph in HTML+.
    </P>



   The difference is that the </P> closing tag can always be omitted.
   (That is, if a browser sees a <P>, it knows that there must be an
   implied </P> to end the previous paragraph.) In other words, in HTML+,
   <P> is a beginning-of-paragraph marker.

   The advantage of this change is that you will be able to specify
   formatting options for a paragraph. For example, in HTML+, you will be
   able to center a paragraph by coding

    <P ALIGN=CENTER>
    This is a centered paragraph. This is HTML+, so you can't do it yet.



   This change won't effect any documents you write now, and they will
   continue to look just the same with HTML+ browsers.

  LINKING TO OTHER DOCUMENTS



   The chief power of HTML comes from its ability to link regions of text
   (and also images) to another document. The browser highlights these
   regions (usually with color and/or underlines) to indicate that they
   are hypertext links (often shortened to hyperlinks or simply links).

   HTML's single hypertext-related tag is <A>, which stands for anchor.
   To include an anchor in your document:
    1. Start the anchor with <A . (There's a space after the A.)
    2. Specify the document that's being pointed to by entering the
       parameter HREF="filename" followed by a closing right angle
       bracket: >
    3. Enter the text that will serve as the hypertext link in the
       current document.
    4. Enter the ending anchor tag: </A>.



   Here is an sample hypertext reference:

    <A HREF="MaineStats.html">Maine</A>



   This entry makes the word ``Maine'' the hyperlink to the document
   MaineStats.html, which is in the same directory as the first document.
   You can link to documents in other directories by specifying the
   relative path from the current document to the linked document. For
   example, a link to a file NJStats.html located in the subdirectory
   AtlanticStates would be:

    <A HREF="AtlanticStates/NJStats.html">New Jersey</A>



   These are called relative links. You can also use the absolute
   pathname of the file if you wish. Pathnames use the standard UNIX
   syntax.

    Relative Links Versus Absolute Pathnames



   In general, you should use relative links, because
    1. You have less to type.
    2. It's easier to move a group of documents to another location,
       because the relative path names will still be valid.



   However, use absolute pathnames when linking to documents that are not
   directly related. For example, consider a group of documents that
   comprise a user manual. Links within this group should be relative
   links. Links to other documents (perhaps a reference to related
   software) should use full path names. This way, if you move the user
   manual to a different directory, none of the links would have to be
   updated.

    Uniform Resource Locator



   The World Wide Web uses Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) to specify
   the location of files on other servers. A URL includes the type of
   resource being accessed (e.g., gopher, WAIS), the address of the
   server, and the location of the file. The syntax is:

   scheme://host.domain[:port]/path/filename

   where scheme is one of
   file

          a file on your local system, or a file on an anonymous FTP
          server
   http
          a file on a World Wide Web server
   gopher
          a file on a Gopher server
   WAIS
          a file on a WAIS server
   news
          an Usenet newsgroup
   telnet
          a connection to a Telnet-based service



   The port number can generally be omitted. (That means unless someone
   tells you otherwise, leave it out.)

   For example, to include a link to this primer in your document, you
   would use

    <A HREF = "http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLPrimer.html">
    NCSA's Beginner's Guide to HTML</A>



   This would make the text ``NCSA's Beginner's Guide to HTML'' a
   hyperlink to this document.

   For more information on URLs, look at
     * WWW Names and Addresses, URIs, URLs, URNs, written by people at
       CERN
     * A Beginner's Guide to URLs, located on the NCSA Mosaic Help menu

    Links to Specific Sections in Other Documents



   Anchors can also be used to move to a particular section in a
   document. Suppose you wish to set a link from document A and a
   specific section in document B. (Call this file documentB.html.) First
   you need to set up a named anchor in document B. For example, to set
   up an anchor named ``Jabberwocky'' to document B, enter

    Here's <A NAME = "Jabberwocky">some text</a>



   Now when you create the link in document A, include not only the
   filename, but also the named anchor, separated by a hash mark (#).

    This is my <A HREF = "documentB.html#Jabberwocky">link</A> to document B.



   Now clicking on the word ``link'' in document A sends the reader
   directly to the words ``some text'' in document B.

    Links to Specific Sections Within the Current Document



   The technique is exactly the same except the filename is omitted.

   For example, to link to the Jabberwocky anchor from within the same
   file (Document B), use

    This is <A HREF = "#Jabberwocky">Jabberwocky link</A> from within Document
B.

Additional Markup Tags



   The preceding is sufficient to produce simple HTML documents. For more
   complex documents, HTML has tags for several types of lists,
   preformatted sections, extended quotations, character formatting, and
   other items.

  LISTS



   HTML supports unnumbered, numbered, and definition lists.

    Unnumbered Lists



   To make an unnumbered list,
    1. Start with an opening list <UL> tag.
    2. Enter the <LI> tag followed by the individual item. (No closing
       </LI> tag is needed.)
    3. End with a closing list </UL> tag.



   Below an example two-item list:

    <UL>
    <LI> apples
    <LI> bananas
    </UL>



   The output is:
     * apples
     * bananas



   The <LI> items can contain multiple paragraphs. Just separate the
   paragraphs with the <P> paragraph tags.

    Numbered Lists



   A numbered list (also called an ordered list, from which the tag name
   derives) is identical to an unnumbered list, except it uses <OL>
   instead of <UL>. The items are tagged using the same <LI> tag. The
   following HTML code

    <OL>
    <LI> oranges
    <LI> peaches
    <LI> grapes
    </OL>



   produces this formatted output:
    1. oranges
    2. peaches
    3. grapes

    Definition Lists



   A definition list usually consists of alternating a term (abbreviated
   as DT) and a definition (abbreviated as DD). Web browsers generally
   format the definition on a new line.

   The following is an example of a definition list:

    <DL>
    <DT> NCSA
    <DD> NCSA, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications,
         is located on the campus of the University of Illinois
         at Urbana-Champaign. NCSA is one of the participants in the
         National MetaCenter for Computational Science and Engineering.
    <DT> Cornell Theory Center
    <DD> CTC is located on the campus of Cornell University in Ithaca,
         New York. CTC is another participant in the National MetaCenter
         for Computational Science and Engineering.
    </DL>



   The output looks like:
   NCSA
          NCSA, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, is
          located on the campus of the University of Illinois at
          Urbana-Champaign. NCSA is one of the participants in the
          National MetaCenter for Computational Science and Engineering.
   Cornell Theory Center
          CTC is located on the campus of Cornell University in Ithaca,
          New York. CTC is another participant in the National MetaCenter
          for Computational Science and Engineering.



   The <DT> and <DD> entries can contain multiple paragraphs (separated
   by <P> paragraph tags), lists, or other definition information.

    Nested Lists



   Lists can be arbitrarily nested, although in practice you probably
   should limit the nesting to three levels. You can also have a number
   of paragraphs, each containing a nested list, in a single list item.

   An example nested list:

    <UL>
    <LI> A few New England states:
        <UL>
        <LI> Vermont
        <LI> New Hampshire
        </UL>
    <LI> One Midwestern state:
        <UL>
        <LI> Michigan
        </UL>
    </UL>



   The nested list is displayed as
     * A few New England states:
          + Vermont
          + New Hampshire
     * One Midwestern state:
          + Michigan

  PREFORMATTED TEXT



   Use the <PRE> tag (which stands for ``preformatted'') to generate text
   in a fixed-width font and cause spaces, new lines, and tabs to be
   significant. (That is, multiple spaces are displayed as multiple
   spaces, and lines break in the same locations as in the source HTML
   file.) This is useful for program listings. For example, the following
   lines

    <PRE>
      #!/bin/csh
      cd $SCR
      cfs get mysrc.f:mycfsdir/mysrc.f
      cfs get myinfile:mycfsdir/myinfile
      fc -02 -o mya.out mysrc.f
      mya.out
      cfs save myoutfile:mycfsdir/myoutfile
      rm *
    </PRE>



   display as

      #!/bin/csh
      cd $SCR
      cfs get mysrc.f:mycfsdir/mysrc.f
      cfs get myinfile:mycfsdir/myinfile
      fc -02 -o mya.out mysrc.f
      mya.out
      cfs save myoutfile:mycfsdir/myoutfile
      rm *



   Hyperlinks can be used within <PRE> sections. You should avoid using
   other HTML tags within <PRE> sections, however.

   Note that because <, >, and & have special meaning in HTML, you have
   to use their escape sequences (&lt;, &gt;, and &amp;, respectively) to
   enter these characters. See the section Special Characters for more
   information.

  EXTENDED QUOTATIONS



   Use the <BLOCKQUOTE> tag to include quotations in a separate block on
   the screen. Most browsers generally indent to separate it from
   surrounding text.

   An example:

    <BLOCKQUOTE>
    I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the
    American dream. <P>
    I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and
    live out the true meaning of its creed. We hold these truths
    to be self-evident that all men are created equal. <P>
    </BLOCKQUOTE>



   The result is:

     I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American
     dream.

     I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out
     the true meaning of its creed. We hold these truths to be
     self-evident that all men are created equal.

  ADDRESSES



   The <ADDRESS> tag is generally used to specify the author of a
   document and a means of contacting the author (e.g., an email
   address). This is usually the last item in a file.

   For example, the last line of the online version of this guide is

    <ADDRESS>
    A Beginner's Guide to HTML / NCSA / pubs@ncsa.uiuc.edu
    </ADDRESS>



   The result is


    A Beginner's Guide to HTML / NCSA / pubs@ncsa.uiuc.edu



   NOTE: <ADDRESS> is not used for postal addresses. See ``Forced Line
   Breaks'' on page 10 to see how to format postal addresses.

Character Formatting



   You can code individual words or sentences with special styles. There
   are two types of styles: logical and physical. Logical styles tag text
   according to its meaning, while physical styles specify the specific
   appearance of a section. For example, in the preceding sentence, the
   words ``logical styles'' was tagged as a ``definition.'' The same
   effect (formatting those words in italics), could have been achieved
   via a different tag that specifies merely ``put these words in
   italics.''

  PHYSICAL VERSUS LOGICAL: USE LOGICAL STYLES WHEN POSSIBLE



   If physical and logical styles produce the same result on the screen,
   why are there both? We devolve, for a couple of paragraphs, into the
   philosophy of SGML, which can be summed in a Zen-like mantra: ``Trust
   your browser.''

   In the ideal SGML universe, content is divorced from presentation.
   Thus, SGML tags a level-one heading as a level-one heading, but does
   not specify that the level-one heading should be, for instance,
   24-point bold Times centered on the top of a page. The advantage of
   this approach (it's similar in concept to style sheets in many word
   processors) is that if you decide to change level-one headings to be
   20-point left-justified Helvetica, all you have to do is change the
   definition of the level-one heading in the presentation device (i.e.,
   your World Wide Web browser).

   The other advantage of logical tags is that they help enforce
   consistency in your documents. It's easier to tag something as <H1>
   than to remember that level-one headings are 24-point bold Times or
   whatever. The same is true for character styles. For example, consider
   the <STRONG> tag. Most browsers render it in bold text. However, it is
   possible that a reader would prefer that these sections be displayed
   in red instead. Logical styles offer this flexibility.

    Logical Styles
   <DFN>
          for a word being defined. Typically displayed in italics. (NCSA
          Mosaic is a World Wide Web browser.)
   <EM>
          for emphasis. Typically displayed in italics. (Watch out for
          pickpockets.)
   <CITE>
          for titles of books, films, etc. Typically displayed in
          italics. (A Beginner's Guide to HTML)
   <CODE>
          for snippets of computer code. Displayed in a fixed-width font.
          (The <stdio.h> header file)
   <KBD>
          for user keyboard entry. Should be displayed in a bold
          fixed-width font, but many browsers render it in the plain
          fixed-width font. (Enter passwd to change your password.)
   <SAMP>
          for computer status messages. Displayed in a fixed-width font.
          (Segmentation fault: Core dumped.)
   <STRONG>
          for strong emphasis. Typically displayed in bold. (Important)
   <VAR>
          for a ``metasyntactic'' variable, where the user is to replace
          the variable with a specific instance. Typically displayed in
          italics. (rm filename deletes the file.)

    Physical Styles
   <B>
          bold text
   <I>
          italic text
   <TT>
          typewriter text, e.g. fixed-width font.

  USING CHARACTER TAGS



   To apply a character style,
    1. Start with <tag>, where tag is the desired character formatting
       tag, to indicate the beginning of the tagged text.
    2. Enter the tagged text.
    3. End the passage with </tag>.

  SPECIAL CHARACTERS

    Escape Sequences



   Four characters of the ASCII character set -- the left angle bracket
   (<), the right angle bracket (>), the ampersand (&) and the double
   quote (") -- have special meaning within HTML and therefore cannot be
   used ``as is'' in text. (The angle brackets are used to indicate the
   beginning and end of HTML tags, and the ampersand is used to indicate
   the beginning of an escape sequence.)

   To use one of these characters in an HTML document, you must enter its
   escape sequence instead:
   &lt;
          the escape sequence for <
   &gt;
          the escape sequence for >
   &amp;
          the escape sequence for &
   &quot;
          the escape sequence for "



   Additional escape sequences support accented characters. For example:
   &ouml;
          the escape sequence for a lowercase o with an umlaut: ö
   &ntilde;
          the escape sequence for a lowercase n with an tilde: ñ
   &Egrave;
          the escape sequence for an uppercase E with a grave accent: È



   A full list of supported characters can be found at CERN.

   NOTE: Unlike the rest of HTML, the escape sequences are case
   sensitive. You cannot, for instance, use &LT; instead of &lt;.

    Forced Line Breaks



   The <BR> tag forces a line break with no extra space between lines.
   (By contrast, most browsers format the <P> paragraph tag with an
   additional blank line to more clearly indicate the beginning the new
   paragraph.)

   One use of <BR> is in formatting addresses:

    National Center for Supercomputing Applications<BR>
    605 East Springfield Avenue<BR>
    Champaign, Illinois 61820-5518<BR>

    Horizontal Rules



   The <HR> tag produces a horizontal line the width of the browser
   window.

In-line Images



   Most Web browsers can display in-line images (that is, images next to
   text) that are in X Bitmap (XBM) or GIF format. Each image takes time
   to process and slows down the initial display of the document, so
   generally you should not include too many or overly large images.

   To include an in-line image, use

    <IMG SRC=image_URL>



   where image_URL is the URL of the image file. The syntax for IMG SRC
   URLs is identical to that used in an anchor HREF. If the image file is
   a GIF file, then the filename part of image_URL must end with .gif.
   Filenames of X Bitmap images must end with .xbm.

   By default the bottom of an image is aligned with the text as shown in
   this paragraph.

   Add the ALIGN=TOP option if you want the browser to align adjacent
   text with the top of the image as shown in this paragraph. The full
   in-line image tag with the top alignment is:

    <IMG ALIGN=top SRC=image_URL>



   ALIGN=MIDDLE aligns the text with the center of the image.

  ALTERNATE TEXT FOR BROWSERS THAT CAN'T DISPLAY IMAGES



   Some World Wide Web browsers, primarily those that run on VT100
   terminals, cannot display images. The ALT option allows you to specify
   text to be displayed when an image cannot be. For example:

    <IMG SRC = "UpArrow.gif" ALT = "Up">



   where UpArrow.gif is the picture of an upward pointing arrow. With
   NCSA Mosaic and other graphics-capable viewers, the user sees the up
   arrow graphic. With a VT100 browser, such as lynx, the user sees the
   word ``Up.''

External Images, Sounds, and Animations



   You may want to have an image open as a separate document when a user
   activates a link on either a word or a smaller, in-line version of the
   image included in your document. This is considered an external image
   and is useful if you do not wish to slow down the loading of the main
   document with large in-line images.

   To include a reference to an external image, use

    <A HREF = image_URL>link anchor</A>



   Use the same syntax is for links to external animations and sounds.
   The only difference is the file extension of the linked file. For
   example,

   <A HREF = "QuickTimeMovie.mov">link anchor</A>

   specifies a link to a QuickTime movie. Some common file types and
   their extensions are:
   File Type
          Extension
   Plain text
          .txt
   HTML document
          .html
   GIF image
          .gif
   TIFF image
          .tiff
   XBM bitmap image
          .xbm
   JPEG image
          .jpg or .jpeg
   PostScript file
          .ps
   AIFF sound
          .aiff
   AU sound
          .au
   QuickTime movie
          .mov
   MPEG movie
          .mpeg or .mpg



   Make sure your intended audience has the necessary viewers. Most UNIX
   workstations, for instance, cannot view QuickTime movies.

Troubleshooting

  AVOID OVERLAPPING TAGS



   Consider this snippet of HTML:

    <B>This is an example of <DFN>overlapping</B> HTML tags.</DFN>



   The word ``overlapping'' is contained within both the <B> and <DFN>
   tags. How does the browser format it? You won't know until you look,
   and different browsers will likely react differently. In general,
   avoid overlapping tags.

  EMBED ANCHORS AND CHARACTER TAGS, BUT NOTHING ELSE



   It is acceptable to embed anchors within another HTML element:

    <H1><A HREF = "Destination.html">My heading</A></H1>



   Do not embed a heading or another HTML element within an anchor:

    <A HREF = "Destination.html">
    <H1>My heading</H1>
    </A>



   Although most browsers currently handle this example, it is forbidden
   by the official HTML and HTML+ specifications, and will not work with
   future browsers.

   Character tags modify the appearance of other tags:

    <UL><LI><B>A bold list item</B>
        <UL>
        <LI><I>An italic list item</I>
    </UL>



   However, avoid embedding other types of HTML element tags. For
   example, it is tempting to embed a heading within a list, in order to
   make the font size larger:

    <UL><LI><H1>A large heading</H1>
        <UL>
        <LI><H2>Something slightly smaller</H2>
    </UL>



   Although some browsers, such as NCSA Mosaic for the X Window System,
   format this construct quite nicely, it is unpredictable (because it is
   undefined) what other browsers will do. For compatibility with all
   browsers, avoid these kinds of constructs.

   What's the difference between embedding a <B> within a <LI> tag as
   opposed to embedding a <H1> within a <LI>? This is again a question of
   SGML. The semantic meaning of <H1> is that it's the main heading of a
   document and that it should be followed by the content of the
   document.Thus it doesn't make sense to find a <H1> within a list.

   Character formatting tags also are generally not additive. You might
   expect that

    <B><I>some text</I></B>



   would produce bold-italic text. On some browsers it does; other
   browsers interpret only the innermost tag (here, the italics).

  CHECK YOUR LINKS



   When an <IMG> tag points at an image that does not exist, a dummy
   image is substituted. When this happens, make sure that the referenced
   image does in fact exist, that the hyperlink has the correct
   information in the URL, and that the file permission is set
   appropriately (world-readable).

A Longer Example



   Here is a longer example of an HTML document:

    <HEAD>
    <TITLE>A Longer Example</TITLE>
    </HEAD>
    <BODY>
    <H1>A Longer Example</H1>
    This is a simple HTML document. This is the first
    paragraph. <P>
    This is the second paragraph, which shows special effects.  This is a
    word in <I>italics</I>.  This is a word in <B>bold</B>.
    Here is an in-lined GIF image: <IMG SRC = "myimage.gif">.
    <P>
    This is the third paragraph, which demonstrates links.  Here is
    a hypertext link from the word <A HREF = "subdir/myfile.html">foo</A>
    to a document called "subdir/myfile.html". (If you
    try to follow this link, you will get an error screen.) <P>
    <H2>A second-level header</H2>
    Here is a section of text that should display as a
    fixed-width font: <P>
    <PRE>
        On the stiff twig up there
        Hunches a wet black rook
        Arranging and rearranging its feathers in the rain ...
    </PRE>
    This is a unordered list with two items: <P>
    <UL>
    <LI> cranberries
    <LI> blueberries
    </UL>
    This is the end of my example document. <P>
    <ADDRESS>Me (me@mycomputer.univ.edu)</ADDRESS>
    </BODY>

   Click here to see the formatted version.

   In addition to tags already discussed, this example also uses the
   <HEAD> ... </HEAD> and <BODY> ... </BODY> tags, which separate the
   document into introductory information about the document and the main
   text of the document. These tags don't change the appearance of the
   formatted document at all, but are useful for several purposes (for
   example, NCSA Mosaic for Macintosh 2.0, for example, allows you to
   browse just the header portion of document before deciding whether to
   download the rest), and it is recommended that you use these tags.

For More Information



   This guide is only an introduction to HTML and not a comprehensive
   reference. Below are additional sources of information.

  FILL-OUT FORMS



   One major feature not discussed here is fill-out forms, which allows
   users to return information to the World Wide Web server. For
   information on fill-out forms, look at this Fill-out Forms Overview

  STYLE GUIDES



   The following offer advice on how to write ``good'' HTML:
     * Composing Good HTML
     * CERN's style guide for online hypert

  OTHER INTRODUCTORY DOCUMENTS

   These cover similar information as this guide:
     * How to Write HTML Files
     * Introduction to HTML

  ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
     * The HTML Quick Reference Guide, which provides a comprehensive
       listing of HTML codes
     * The official HTML specification
     * A description of SGML, the Standard Generalized Markup Language
     * Dan Connolly's HTML Design Notebook. Dan Connolly is one of the
       originators of HTML.


     _________________________________________________________________


    National Center for Supercomputing Applications / pubs@ncsa.uiuc.edu
