                "Òîïèêè" ïî àíãëèéñêîìó


Art galereys of London
Art gallereys of London
Art in Moscow
British education
British theatres
Customs and traditions of english speaking countries.
Hamlet"s Soliloquy.
LEISURE TIME AND HOBBY
LIESURE TIME.
LONDON, Jack  (1876-1916).
LONDON, Jack (1876-1916).
Learning languages
Learning languages.
MASS MEDIA.
MOSCOW THEATRES
MOSCOW THEATRES
MUSIC.
Moscow theatres
Music in our life
My favorite painter
My favorite painter
My future profession
PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT OF YOUNG PEOPLE.
RADIO AND TELEVISION.
RUSSIA.
SPORTS IN GREAT BRITAN.
THE NATIONAL  THEATRE
THE NEWSPAPERS AND ITS READER.
THE PROBLEMS OF TEEN-AGES.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
THEATRES, MUSIC HALLS AND CINEMAS
Teen-ages's problems
Theatres, music halls and cinemas



   Hamlet"s Soliloquy.

   To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether "tis nobler in the
mind to  suffer  The slings and arrows of outrageuos fortune, Or to take
arms against  a sea  of  troubles And by opposing, end them,  Todie,  to
sleep- No  more, and  by  a sleep to say we end The heart-ache,  and the
thousand natural  shocks  That  flesh  is  heir  to: tis  a consummation
Devoutly to be wished. To die,  to sleep- To sleep!  perchance to dream!
ay, there"s  the  rub,  For in that sleep of death what dreams may come,
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil. Must give us pause - there"s
the respect That makes calamity of so long life:




                          LEISURE TIME AND HOBBY

      Many man,many  minds.  All people are different and so they
  prefer spending their free time in different ways. Some of them
  go  the  parks,  forests,to the country and enjoy the beauty of
  nature.  Others like to stay at home  watching  TV  or  reading
  books. There are people who are fond of cinema and theatres, so
  they try to go there as often as pos- sible. As for me I prefer
  to  spend  my free time in different ways.  I like to go in for
  sports,  to play football,  basketball or  volleyball  with  my
  friends. I like to watch TV, to listen a tape recorder and play
  computer games. Also I like to go for a walk in the country and
  enjoy  the beauty of nature.And my way of spending free time is
  connected with my hobby. And my hobby is reading books...
     I"d like  to  say that it"s hard to imagine our life without
  books.Books play such  a  great  role  in  the  development  of
  personality.  They  help as to forget our daily problems and to
  pretend we travel to the past,  future and to  many  different,
  wonderfull  places  that  we can"t visit in reality.  I am also
  sure that books are our good friends and teachers. From them we
  get  to  know the life around as better,  they teatch as how to
  tell right from wrong,  to love our Motherland,  to  understand
  friendship,  people"s feelings.  So, they teach us how to live.
  As for me I like to  read  different  kinds  of  books:  ......







                       Art galereys of London

     Speaking about art galereys of London we should first of all
mention The national galery, The national portret galerey and The
tate galery.  I would like to tell  you  about  National  portret
galery and about Tate galery.
     The national galery houses  one  of  the  richest  and  most
extensive collections of painting in the world.  It stands to the
north of the Trafalgar  Square.  the  galerey  was  desighned  by
William Wilkins  and build in 1834-37.  The collection covers all
schools and periods of painting,  but is a specially  famous  for
it's examples  of  Rembrant  and Rubents.  The british schools is
only moderately  represented  as  the  national  collections  are
shared with the Tate galerey. The National galerey was founded in
1824 when the government bought the collection of John Angerstein
which included 38 paintings.
     The Tate gtalery houses the national collection  of  british
painting from  the  16-th century to the present day.  It is also
the national galerey  for  modern  art,  including  painting  and
sculpture made in Britain,  Europe,  America and other countries.
It was opened in 1897 as the national galerey of british art.  It
owes it's  establishment  to Suie Henritate who built the galerey
and gave his own collection of 65 painting.




                          MOSCOW THEATRES

     For decades Moscow  has  had  a  reputation  as  a  city  of
theatres. The  birth plays of the historic "Bolshoy",  "Maly" and
"Moscow Art" theatres the city has been and steel is a centre for
the development  exploretary modern ideas in the dramatic art and
is famous for it's  great  number  of  highlygifted,  interesting
directors, actors, playwrigts and artists.
     Every evening the doors of Moscow theatres open  to  streams
of theatre-gowers. The best Moscow theatres devoded themselves to
developing the principals of directing and acting  laid  down  by
Stanislavsky, Meerhold,   Nemerovich-Danchenko,   Vachtangov  and
others. The discoveries and successes of  Moscow  theatres  today
exists due to experience and triumphs of preceding generations.
     I'd like to tell you about the Bolshoy Theatre.
     The magestic building  of  the  Bolshoy  Theatre  stands  in
Sverdlov Square in Moscow's central quater, not far from Kremlin.
This is the leading Russian opera house with the  best  vocalists
and choreographers in it's company.
     The Bolshoi traces it's history  to  1776  when  a  standing
opera company  was organized in Moscow.  The first opera shown in
Bolshoi theatre was opera "life of tsar" (now "Ivan  Susanin").At
later times operas by Dargomyzhsky,  Serov,  Tcaikovsky, Borodin,
Moussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov and Rubinstein were produced here.
     At the  same time the Bolshoi company staged the best operas
and ballets by West European  composers-Mozart,  Rossini,  Weber,
Verdi and others.
     The bolshoi ballet company enjoys well-deserved fame as  the
world's finest.  This is equally true of it's brilliant realistic
style of perfomance and repertoire.




        Teen-ages's problems

   Fool guys. But they don't understand,  that it's wrong.  Some of them
can't stop  that,  and  they  become  dependent on drugs. Andthey commit
different serious,  because they need some money to buy drugs. there are
alsomany other problems:  alchoholism,  smokin and so on. There are many
youth organisations  in  our  country, wich unite young men on different
principles. Members  of  every organisation has ons own world out looks.
Each of  them  has  their  own morral qualities. There are some informal
organisations,  for example:  skinheads,  hippies,  panks and so on. Now
there exists  the  problem  of  missundrstanding beetwen different youth
groups.
   We also  face the problem how to spend our free time. We can do it in
different ways. Some  of  teen-ages  spend  their free time in different
night clubs. Other young people spend their free time in the strets.
   As for me, i spend my free time at home or in the night clubs. I also
have some  problems  with  my parents. But every time then i have them i
try to slove them without quorrel.
   Now we  are  young  people  and  we  are  the  future of our country.
Teen-aegs play  an important role in the modern society. Grown up's must
remember that we are the future of our country and in present moment our
character is  formed and that's why our parents must not assert pressure
on us.end our free time. We can do it in different ways. Some of teÀ



   Learning languages.
   The problem  of  learning  languages is very important today. Foreign
languages are  socially demanded especially at the present time when the
progress in  science and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge
and has  contributed  to an overflow of information. The total knowledge
of mankind  is  known to double every seven years. Foreign languages are
needed as  the  main and most efficient means of information exchange of
the people of our planet.
   Today English  is  the language of the world. Over 350 million people
speak it  as  a mother  tongue. The  native  speakers of English live in
Great Britain, the United States of America,  Australia and New Zealand.
English is  one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada,
the South  African  Republic. As  a second  language  it  is used in the
former British and US colonies.
   It is  the  major  international  language  for communication in such
areas as science,  technology,  business and mass entertainment. English
is one  of the official languages of the United Nations Organization and
other political  organization. It  is  the  language  of the literature,
education, modern music, international tourism.
   Russia is  integrating  into  the  world community and the problem of
learning English  for  the purpose of communication is espicially urgent
today. Learning  a foreing  language is not as easy thing.  It is a long
and slow  process  that  takes  a lot  of time and patience. But to know
English is  absolutely  necessary  for  every educated person, for every
good specialist.
   It is  well  known  that reading books in the original , listening to
the BBC news, communicating with the English speaking people will help a
lot. When  learning a foreign language you learn the culture and history
of the  native  speakers. One  must  work  hard  to  learn  any  foreign
language.




                          LIESURE TIME.
   Everybody sometimes has a free time. Somebody prefer only to sleep in
their liesure  time, but  the  largest  part  of us prefer to do a great
amount of  things  which  are pleasant and interesting for us. It may be
reading, a various types of sport game, watching TV, listening music and
others. If we have a few day or a week we prefer to go to the attractive
places. Many  peoples  thing  that  pupils  and  studients have too much
liesure ,but  in  my  opinion,  they  are wrong. We are very busy.  Many
pupils have six or se-ven lessons a day and go to school live or six day
a week. Even  during the holiday we learn our lessons after school.  And
we just  no time to go some-there. Oldest of us are working after school
or institutes. IÒam  not spend my time at school and ofter I have a free
time. The  large part of my free time devote to reading.  I like to read
books about another coun-tries, another times and another worlds. Also I
read books  about  history  of our country. Besides reading I like to do
physical exercises. I  and  my  school friends often gather after school
and play  basketball,  fooftball  or other active games. But my favorite
hobby is  travelling. Usually  I travel in summer and ofter it is a trip
to the  south,  to  the  warm  sea. thing  all  peoples  must have other
occupation besides  their  basic work, ba-csuse it extand the bounduries
of the  familar world and teach us something new about people and thing.





                                             MASS MEDIA.
   Mass media  ( that  is  the press, the radio and television ) play an
important role  in  the  life  of  society.  They  inform,  educate  and
entertain people. They  also  influence the way people look at the world
and make  them  change  their  views. Mass  media  mould public opinion.
Millions of  people  in  their  spare time watch TV and read newspapers.
Everybody can  find there something interesting for him. On the radioone
can hear  music, plays,  news and various discussions or commentaries of
current events. Lot's  radio  or  TV  games  and  films  attract a large
audience. Newspapers  uses  in  different  ways,  but basically they are
read. There  is a lot of advertisment on mass media.  Some of the TV and
radio stations  and  newspapers are owned by different corporations. The
owners can  advertise whatever they choose. But it is hardly fair to say
that mass  media  do not try to raise cultural level of the people or to
develop their artistic taste. Mass media brings to millions of homes not
only entertaiment  and  news but also cultural and educational programs.
There are  more  then  six  TV  channels and lot's of radio stations and
newspapers now in the Russian Federation.



                PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT OF YOUNG PEOPLE.
   People of almost every age are susceptible to this pernitious disease
but it  hits  the  youth  the  hardest. It's  name is unemployment.  The
persent-age of  unemployed  youth  in the total number of the jobless is
high. In  many developing countries the situation is more serious.  Many
young people  to  commit  suside. Unless  the  economic situation in the
world changes,  youth unemployment will mount. This prodictions refer to
all catigories  of workers-with high and low skills in town and country.
For all  there possible distinctious,these young people over outside the
production structure  of  society. The  are  deprived the possebility of
creting there  are  "surplus"  from  time  to time some may get a hit of
luck, but  the  lot  of  the majority is to feel their unlessles to lose
their ideals    and    become    disillusioned.   Unemployment   greatly
intemcilicselle tendency  among  the  youth  towards, drug  education  ,
frastretion and  crime. This  is a time bomb and is a heavy acusation of
any social economic system.




                              British education
   British education   emas   us  to  develop  fully  the  abilities  of
individuals, for their own benefit and of society as a whole. Compulsory
schooling takes  place  between  the  agers of 5 and 16, but some pupils
remain at  shool  for  2 years  more,  to  prepare  for  further  higher
education. Post shool education is organized flaxebly, to provide a wide
range of  opportunities  for  academic  and  vacational education and to
continue studying through out life.
   Administration of  state  schools is decentralised. The department of
education and  science is responsible for national education policy, but
it doesn't  run  any  schools, if doesn't employ teachers,  or prescribe
corricular or  textbooks. All  shools are given a considerable amount of
freedom. According  to  the law only one subject is compulsary.  That is
religious instruction.
   Children recieve  preschool  education  under the age of 5 in nursery
schools or in infant's classes in primary schools.
   Most pupils  receive free education finenst from public fonds and the
small proportions  attend  schools  wholy  independent. Most independent
schools are single-sex, but the number of mixing schools is growing.
   Education within  the  mantained schools system usually comprises two
stages:  primary and secondary education. Primary schools are subdevided
into infant  schools  (ages  5 -  7), and  junior schools (ages 7 - 11).
Infant schools  are  informal and children are encouraged to read, write
and make  use  of  numbers  and  develop the creative abilities. Primary
children do  all their work with the same class teacher exept for PT and
music. The work is beist upon the pupils interests as far as possible.
   The junior stage extence over four years. Children have set pirits of
arithmetic, reading,  composition,  history,  geography nature study and
others. At this stage of schooling pupils were often placed in A,  B,  C
and D streams according their abilities. The most able children were put
in the  A stream,  the  list  able  in the D stream. Till reccantly most
junior shool  children  had  to seat for the eleven-plus examination. It
usually consisted  of  an  arithmetic  paper  and  an  entelligent test.
According to  the  results  of  the  exam  children are sent to Grammar,
Technical or  Secondary  modern schools. So called comprehansive schools
began to  appear  after World War 2. They are muchly mixed schools which
can provide education for over 1000 pupils. Ideally they provide all the
courses given in Grammar, Technical and Secondary modern schools.
   By the  law all children must receive full-time education between the
ages of  5 and 16. Formally each child can remain a school for a further
2 or 3 years and continue his studies in the sixth form up to the age of
18 or  19. The  course  is  usually  subdevided into the lower 6 and the
upper 6. The  corricular  is narrowed to 5 subjects of which a pupil can
choose 2 or 3.
   The main   examinations  for  secondary  school  pupils  are  general
certeficate of  education  (the  GCE)  exam and certificate of secondary
education (the  CSE) exam. The GSE exam is held at two levels:  ordinary
level (0 level) and advanced level (A level).
   Candidats set  for 0 level papers at 15 - 16 years away. GCE level is
usually taken  at the end on the sixth form. The CSE level exam is taken
after 5  years  of  secondary education by the pupils who are of everage
abilities of their age.




                                 My future profession

   What I  would like to become? This question pasels me greatly.  Every
job has  its  elements of difficulties and interest. I think that nearly
all the  professions are very important in life. But to choose the right
occupation is  very  difficult, because we must take in to consideration
many factors. We  must consider our personal taste and our kind of mind.
At the  same  time  we  must satisfy the requirements of our society and
peoples needs in one profession or another.
   The end  of  school  is  the  beginning  of  an independent life, the
beginning of  a more  serious  examination. In  order  to pass that very
serious exam  we must choose the road in life which will help us best to
live and  work. Each  boy and girl has every opportunity to develop mind
and use  knowledge  and education received at school. Some may prefer to
work in factories or works, others want to go into construction: to take
part in  building  power  stations  and new towns. Many opportunities to
work and to satisfy at the same time the requirements of the society and
your own  personal  interest  are  offered  in the sfere of the services
transport, communications and many others.
   I have  a specially  liking  for to became a programmist. I like this
profession because it very interest.




                             Art gallereys of London

   Speaking about art gallereys of London we should first of all mention
The national gallery, The national portret galerey and The tate gallery.
I would  like  to tell you about National portret gallery and about Tate
gallery.
   The national  gallery  houses  one  of the richest and most extensive
collections of  painting  in  the  world. It  stands to the north of the
Trafalgar Square. the  gallerey  was  desighned  by  William Wilkins and
build in  1834-37. The  collection  covers  all  schools  and periods of
painting, but  is  a specially  famous for it's examples of Rembrant and
Rubents. The  british  schools  is  only  moderately  represented as the
national collections  are  shared  with  the Tate gallerey. The National
gallerey was  founded  in 1824 when the government bought the collection
of John Angerstein which included 38 paintings.
   The Tate  gallery  houses the national collection of british painting
from the  16-th  century  to  the  present  day. It is also the national
gallerey for  modern  art, including  painting  and  sculpture  made  in
Britain,  Europe,  America and other countries. It was opened in 1897 as
the national gallerey of british art. It owes it's establishment to Suie
Henritate who  built  the  gallerey  and  gave  his own collection of 65
painting.






                        MOSCOW THEATRES

     For decades Moscow  has  had  a  reputation  as  a  city  of
theatres. The  birth plays of the historic "Bolshoy",  "Maly" and
"Moscow Art" theatres the city has been and steel is a centre for
the development  exploretary modern ideas in the dramatic art and
is famous for it's  great  number  of  highlygifted,  interesting
directors, actors, playwrigts and artists.
     Every evening the doors of Moscow theatres open  to  streams
of theatre-gowers. The best Moscow theatres devoded themselves to
developing the principals of directing and acting  laid  down  by
Stanislavsky, Meerhold,   Nemerovich-Danchenko,   Vachtangov  and
others. The discoveries and successes of  Moscow  theatres  today
exists du










e to experience and triumphs of preceding generations.




                           Art in Moscow
     Speaking about art gallereys of Moscow we must  mention  the
most famous gallereys.
     The State Tretyakov gallery is one of the best known picture
gallereys in  Russia.  It takes it's name from it's founder Pavel
Tretyakov, a Moscow mercant. In the 19'th century Tretyakov began
to collect  russian paintings.  He visitet all the exibitions and
art studios and  bought  the  best  pictures.  Little  by  little
Tretyakov extended  his  interests  and  began to collect earlier
Russian paintings.  In 1881 Tretyakov opened in St.  Peterburg to
the public,  11  years later he donated it to the city of Moscow.
Since then the gallerey has received hundred paintings from  oter
museums and private collections.  The Tretyakov gallerey reflects
the whole history of Russian paintings from 11'th century to  the
present day.
     Also I'd like to tell you about state pushkin museum of fine
art. The building was built in Greek stile by Roman Klein in 1898
- 1912 to house a museum of fine art,  founded of  initiative  of
professor Ivan Cvetayev. Since 1937 it has be known as The Puskin
museum of fine art.  It has one of  the  worlds  largest  ancient
collections of european art.  Now the picture gallerey has over 2
thousands works of various schools of painting which enaibous  us
to understand  and  appreciate  the  variaty  of staills over the
centuries.
     The Pushkin  museum pereodically hald's exibition of the art
of various countries and of individual outstanding artist of past
and present.




                                           British theatres

   Until reccently  the  history  of  the english theatre has been build
around actors rather then companies. It has been hard to find any London
theatre that  even had a consistent policy. There are no permanent staff
in British  theatres. Apply is rehearsed for a few weeks by a company of
actors working  together  mostly for the first time and it is allowed to
run as long as it draws the odious and pays it's way.
   Another peculiarity  of  the theatres in Great Britain is an follows:
there are   two  kinds  of  seats,  which  can  be  booked  an  advanced
(bookable), and  unbookable  once  have  no  numbers  and the spectators
occupy them  on  the  principal:  first come - first served. And ancient
times plays were acted inside churches and later on the market places.
   The first theatre in England "The Blackfries" build in 1576, and "The
Globe" build   in   1599,  which   is  closely  connected  with  William
Shakespeare. Speaking  about  our  times  we should first of all mention
"The English  National  theatre","The  Royal  Shakespeare  company"  and
"Covent Garden".
   "Covent Garden"  used  to be a fashionable promenade - it was, before
then, a convent garden - but when it became overrun with flower-sellers,
orange-vendors and vegetable-growers, the people moved to more exclusive
surroundings farther west, such as "St. Jame's Square".
   The first  "Covent  Garden  theatre"  was build in 1732. It was burnt
down in  1808  and  rebuild exactly a year after. It opened in September
1809, with Shakespeare's "Macbeth". Since the middle of the last century
"Covent Garden" became exclusively devoted to opera.
   Now "Covent  Garden"  in  busier  than  ever, it  is  one  of the few
well-known opera  houses  open  for 11 months of the year and it employs
over 600 people both of the Opera company and the Royal Ballet.




                      My favorite painter
     One of my favorite artists is Rembrant is the greatest Dutch
master, one  of  the  supreme geneuses in the history of art.  To
this day the art of Rembrant remains one  of  the  most  profound
witness of  the  progress  of the soul in it's earthly pilgrimage
towards the  realisation  of  higher  destiny.  The  son  of  the
prosperous miller,  Rembrant  was  born  in  Leiden  in 1608.  He
studied at Leiden University, but his real vocation was painting.
His rapid sugsess promoted him to move to the Amsterdam in 1631.
   In 1632 Rembrant bought a splendid house, started a collection
of paintings  and rarities.  The universal artist dealt with many
world subjects.  Rembrant created a number of portraits and  some
group portraits which were traditional to the Dutch art. The best
of them are "Anatomy lesson of Dr. Tulp" and "The night watch".
     In 1655  Rembrant  found  himself  in  the  midst of several
financial troubles. At that period he painted "The Polish Rider",
which is an allegory of the man's earthly journey.
     Probably in 1669,  the  year  of  his  own  death,  Rembrant
painted his  famous "Return of the Prological son",  which stands
at the ultimate peak of Cristian spirituality,  illuminating  the
relationship of the self to the eternity.
    The biblical theme was very important to Rembrant. He painted
"Artakserks, Oman and Eshpir", "The Saint Family".
     Rembrant was not understood when he was alive.  He  died  in
poverty. But it is the spirituality of his art that distinguishes
Rembrant from his Dutch contemporaries making  him  the  greatest
artist of the world.



           THE PROBLEMS OF TEEN-AGES.

   There are  many  young  people in our country. Each of them has one's
own view  point  on their life and their future. There are many problems
which are  common  for  all young people.For Example: how to spend their
free time, what to do after school,  choosing a profession,  how to deal
with girl and boy-friends and so on.
   The problem  number one of most of the young people is the problem of
fathers and  sons. All  young  people want to be independent,  they want
their parents  to  listen  to  their  opinion, not to interfere in their
private life. Some  parents  neglect  their children,  because they cant
find a common language with each other.
   Many problems were hushed up, but now we can speak openly about them.
I think  that the most difficult and sirious problem of modern teen-ages
is drug-habit. Some young man use drugs, because they think that will be
cool guys. But  they  don't  understand,  that it's wrong.  Some of them
can't stop  that,  and  they  become dependent on drugs. And they commit
different serious,  because they need some money to buy drugs. There are
also many other problems:  alchoholism, smokin and so on. There are many
youth organisations  in  our  country, wich unite young men on different
principles. Members  of  every organisation has ons own world out looks.
Each of  them  has  their  own morral qualities. There are some informal
organisations,  for example:  skinheads,  hippies,  panks and so on. Now
there exists  the  problem  of  missundrstanding beetwen different youth
groups.
   We also  face the problem how to spend our free time. We can do it in
different ways. Some  of  teen-ages  spend  their free time in different
night clubs. Other young people spend their free time in the strets.
   As for me, i spend my free time at home or in the night clubs. I also
have some  problems  with  my parents. But every time then i have them i
try to slove them without quorrel.
   Now we  are  young  people  and  we  are  the  future of our country.
Teen-aegs play  an important role in the modern society. Grown up's must
remember that we are the future of our country and in present moment our
character is  formed and that's why our parents must not assert pressure
on us.




                 2THEATRES, MUSIC HALLS AND CINEMAS

     Theatres are very much the same in London as anywhere  else;
the chief  theatres ,music halls and cinemas are in the West End.
If you are staying in London  for  a  few  days,  you'll  have no
difficulty whatever  in  finding  somewhere to spend an enjoyable
evening. You'll find opera, balley, comedy, drama, revue, musical
comedy and variety.  Films are shown in the  cinemas  during  the
greatest part of the day.
     The best seats at theatres are  those  in  the  stalls,  the
circle and the upper circle.  Then comes the pit, and the last of
all the gallery where the seats are cheapest.  Boxes,  of course,
are  the most expensive.  Most theatres and music halls have good
orchestras with popular conductors.
     You ought  to  make  a  point of going to the opera at least
once during the season if you can.  There you can get the best of
everything - an exellent orchestras, famous conductors, celebated
singers and well dressed audience. But, of course, if you are not
fond of music and singing, won't interest you.
     At the West End theatres you can  see  most  of  the  famous
English actors   and   actresses.   As  a  rule,  the  plays  are
magnificently staged -  costumes,  dresses,  scenery,  everything
being done  of  the  most lavish scale.  Choose a good play,  and
you'll enjoy yourself thoroughly from the moment the curtain goes
up to the end of the last act.  Get your seats beforehand, either
at the box-office of theatre itself or at one  of  the  agencies.
When you go to a theatre, you'll probably want to seat as near to
the stage as possible.  But if you are at  the  cinema,  you  may
prefer to  seat some distance from the screen.  In fact,  I would
say, the further away the better.



   LONDON, Jack (1876-1916).

   The novelist and short-story writer Jack London was, in his lifetime,
one of the most popular authors in the world. After World War I his fame
was eclipsed in the United States by a new generation of writers, but he
remained popular  in  many  other  countries, especially  in  the Soviet
Union, for   his  romantic  tales  of  adventure  mixed  with  elemental
struggles for survival.
   John Griffith London was born in San Francisco on Jan. 12, 1876.  His
family was  poor, and  he  was  forced  to  go  to work early in life to
support himself. At  17 he sailed to Japan and Siberia on a seal-hunting
voyage. He  was  largely self-taught,  reading voluminously in libraries
and spending  a year  at the University of California. In the late 1890s
he joined  the  gold  rush  to  the  Klondike. This  experience gave him
material for his first book, 'The Son of Wolf',  published in 1900,  and
for 'Call of the Wild' (1903), one of his most popular stories.
   In his  writing career of 17 years, London produced 50 books and many
short stories. He  wrote  mostly  for  money,  to  meet  ever-increasing
expenses. His  fame as a writer gave him a ready audience as a spokesman
for a   peculiar   and   inconsistent  blend  of  socialism  and  racial
superiority.
   London's works,  all hastily written, are of uneven quality. The best
books are the Klondike tales, which also include 'White Fang' (1906) and
'Burning Daylight'  (1910). His  most  enduring  novel  is  probably the
autobiographical 'Martin  Eden'  (1909), but  the  exciting  'Sea  Wolf'
(1904) continues to have great appeal for young readers.
   In 1910 London settled near Glen Ellen, Calif.,  where he intended to
build his  dream  home, "Wolf House." After the house burned down before
completion in 1913, he was a broken and sick man. His death on Nov.  22,
1916, from an overdose of drugs, was probably a suicide.



                                    MUSIC.
   Music -  it art, reflecting validity in sound art images,  one of the
forms of  public  ideology. Having  by  powerful  force direct emotional
effect, music  during  of  all  history of man-kind plays a huge social,
cultural and educational role.
   Lieading composers  are  connected  to  progressive public movements,
life, interests and aspirations people. Each nations differs by peculiar
national features. Folk  music,  being  improved  by creative efforts of
many generations  of  the people, reaches a high degree of art maturity.
On the basis of riches of national music professional musical creativity
of composers  is developed. Rejection of music from advanced ideas epoch
of national  culture, national roots of art leads to it's to decline and
degeneration.
   Idia emotional  contents of music is passed through sound art images,
implemented in musical sounds. The basic of music is the tune. according
to the  way  of  performance  music  is  divided  into  2 main branches:
instrumental and vocal.
   There are  a lot  of different styles of music. Such as:  Jazz,  Pop,
Rock, Classic;  and  new  musical directions.Such as:  Rave,  Hard Core,
Jungle,  Break Beat  and  many other. I like to listen to rave music and
Happy Hard Core.
   As for  me  i like  these  styles  because  they are very rythmic and
dancing. The  beginning of techno music was put very known singer Fredde
Mercuri was  the  first  to  compose music in the style techno. In those
years very few people evaluated new style of music. But with the years a
new style  has grown up to such global sizes. Now this music is listened
to by  large  part  of  youth. I  think it's very good that such musical
direction as  raiv  has  appeared. Because  in  raiv  there are a lot of
musical directions. Young  people  that  are  fond  of  music can easily
choose just that style which appeals to them.






































































                       THE NEWSPAPERS AND ITS READER.
   1. Press  is often called amirror of current events.  The information
we get  from  newspapers  and magazins helps us to know the life at home
and in other countrys.
   The newspapers  aim  is to inform the readers as fully as possible of
the events  taking place in Russia an afroad. They try to cover domestic
and foreighn policy and the public opinion on all topicall usenes.
   2. My family receives ...  . I think ... is most interesting i prefer
it because ... . It's a daly (weekly, monthly) newspaper (magazin).
   3. If  you  are  a regular reader of the press,  you can got a lot of
information.



                         RADIO AND TELEVISION.
   Of all the discoveries ever made by man, radio or wireless, is one of
the most wonderfull. By means of wireless, you can speak to a man on the
other side  of  the world. Seated confortably in your own home,  you can
hear music  or  talks, broadcast thousand of miles away from your- talks
on national  and  international  affairs, on science,  history and other
educational subject.
   I listen to the wireless almost every evening, mine is are eght-valve
set an  arial  which  gives  splended results. I t has medium,  long and
short wave-lenghts  and  it  quit simple to manipulate. All I have to do
it's to tune into the station I require.
   I use my set a good deal for keeping up my forhn lanuges.



                                                        RUSSIA.
   Russia occupy  a large  territory.  It  strech  almost  10  000  (ten
thousend) kilometres  from east to west and nearly 5 000 (five thousend)
kilometres from  north  to  south. It's  population  is 150 000 000 (one
handred and fifty) million people.
   From spring till autmn the sun never sets over Russia: in Kaliningrad
peole see  it  sitting in the Baltic, while in Kamchatka it rises out of
the Pasific  Ocean  at  the some time. People in our country see the New
Year in eleven times in one night.
   If you  begin  to trevell in the Far East by air and fly 8 000 (eight
thousend)kilometres towards  the  west, you  will  land in Moscow on thr
same hour same day that you left the Far East.
   It is  a wonderful  sight  yo see our country from the plane. One can
hardly imagine a country more interesting to trevellers whan Russia.
   Siberia covers  millions of square kilometres. You fly over mountain,
endless forests,  large and small rivers, railways, motorways. You leave
behind the  lights  of  young  and  small  towns, plants  and factories.
Siberia is a rigeon of untold riches.
   Father West  are  the  Ural  Mountains  the  border  between Asia and
europe. The Urals are riche in different minerals.
   The country's  European  part  covers the territory from Urals to the
Baltic Sea. The  largest  cities  of  the  Russia  are  situated between
theBlack Sea  in  the  south and the Black Sea in the north. Such an our
country from East to West. There is no over countrys in which the climet
differs so much from one part to another. When it is still winter in the
northen regions  of our country the first warm days arrive in the south.
In the central regions show storms and cold are still in power, while in
the south  people  begin  to  think  of spring crops. In the same season
nature looks different in different parts of our country.
   Russia is rich in oil, coul, iron, gold, silver and other minerals.




                            THE NATIONAL  THEATRE
   It took  over  the  hundred  years  to  establish  a national theatre
company. It's first director from 1962 was Lawrence Olivier. This is the
first state  theatre Britain has ever had. A special building for it was
opened in 1976. It has three theatres in one:  "The Oliver theatre", the
biggest is  for  the  main classical repertoire; "The Lyttilton",  a bit
smaller is  for  new writing and for visiting foreigh countries and "The
Cottesloe theatre", the  smallest  is  used for experimental writing and
productions. "The  Royal  Shakespeare  company"  are devided between the
country and  the  capital  and it's produces plays mainly by Shakespeare
and his  contempraries  when  it  performs  is "Stratford -on-Avon", and
modern plays in it's two auditoria in the Cities, Barbican centre.




                                        Moscow theatres

   For decades  Moscow  has  had a reputation as a city of theatres. The
birth plays  of the historic "Bolshoy", "Maly" and "Moscow Art" theatres
the city  has been and steel is a centre for the development exploretary
modern ideas  in the dramatic art and is famous for it's great number of
highlygifted, interesting directors, actors, playwrigts and artists.
   Every evening  the  doors  of  Moscow  theatres  open  to  streams of
theatre-gowers. The   best   Moscow   theatres   devoded  themselves  to
developing the   principals   of  directing  and  acting  laid  down  by
Stanislavsky, Meerhold, Nemerovich-Danchenko, Vachtangov and others. The
discoveries and  successes  of  Moscow  theatres  today  exists  due  to
experience and triumphs of preceding generations.
   I'd like to tell you about the Bolshoy Theatre. The magestic building
of the  Bolshoy  Theatre  stands  in  Theatre Square in Moscow's central
quater,  not far  from  Kremlin. This is the leading Russian opera house
with the best vocalists and choreographers in it's company.
   The Bolshoi traces it's history to 1776 when a standing opera company
was organized  in  Moscow. The  first opera shown in Bolshoi theatre was
opera "life  of  tsar"  (now  "Ivan  Susanin"). At later times operas by
Dargomyzhsky, Serov,  Tcaikovsky,  Borodin, Moussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov
and Rubinstein were produced here.
   At the  same  time  the  Bolshoi  company  staged the best operas and
ballets by  West  European composers-Mozart, Rossini,  Weber,  Verdi and
others.
   The bolshoi  ballet  company enjoys well-deserved fame as the world's
finest. This  is  equally  true  of  it's  brilliant  realistic style of
perfomance and repertoire.




                                      My favorite painter

   One of  my favorite artists is Rembrant is the greatest Dutch master,
one of  the  supreme geneuses in the history of art. To this day the art
of Rembrant  remains one of the most profound witness of the progress of
the soul  in  it's  earthly pilgrimage towards the realisation of higher
destiny. The  son of the prosperous miller,  Rembrant was born in Leiden
in 1608. He  studied  at  Leiden  University,  but his real vocation was
painting. His  rapid  sugsess  promoted  him to move to the Amsterdam in
1631.
   In 1632  Rembrant  bought  a splendid  house, started a collection of
paintings and rarities.
   The universal artist dealt with many world subjects. Rembrant created
a number of portraits and some group portraits which were traditional to
the Dutch  art. The  best  of them are "Anatomy lesson of Dr.  Tulp" and
"The night watch".
   In 1655  Rembrant  found  himself  in  the midst of several financial
troubles. At  that  period  he  painted "The Polish Rider",  which is an
allegory of the man's earthly journey.
   Probably in  1669, the  year  of his own death,  Rembrant painted his
famous "Return of the Prological son", which stands at the ultimate peak
of Cristian  spirituality, illuminating  the relationship of the self to
the eternity.
   The biblical  theme  was  very  important  to  Rembrant.  He  painted
"Artakserks, Oman and Eshpir", "The Saint Family".
   Rembrant was  not  understood  when he was alive. He died in poverty.
But it  is  the spirituality of his art that distinguishes Rembrant from
his Dutch contemporaries making him the greatest artist of the world.




                     Theatres, music halls and cinemas

   Theatres are very much the same in London as anywhere else; the chief
theatres ,music  halls  and  cinemas  are  in  the  West End. If you are
staying in  London for a few days, you'll have no difficulty whatever in
finding somewhere  to  spend  an  enjoyable  evening. You'll find opera,
balley,  comedy,  drama,  revue,  musical comedy  and variety. Films are
shown in the cinemas during the greatest part of the day.
   The best  seats  at  theatres are those in the stalls, the circle and
the upper  circle. Then  comes the pit,  and the last of all the gallery
where the seats are cheapest. Boxes,  of course, are the most expensive.
Most theatres   and  music  halls  have  good  orchestras  with  popular
conductors.
   You ought  to make a point of going to the opera at least once during
the season  if  you  can. There  you can get the best of everything - an
exellent orchestras,  famous  conductors,  celebated  singers  and  well
dressed audience. But,  of  course,  if  you  are  not fond of music and
singing, won't interest you.
   At the  West  End  theatres  you  can  see most of the famous English
actors and  actresses. As  a rule,  the plays are magnificently staged -
costumes, dresses,  scenery,  everything  being  done of the most lavish
scale. Choose a good play, and you'll enjoy yourself thoroughly from the
moment the  curtain  goes  up to the end of the last act. Get your seats
beforehand, either  at the box-office of theatre itself or at one of the
agencies. When you go to a theatre, you'll probably want to seat as near
to the  stage as possible. But if you are at the cinema,  you may prefer
to seat some distance from the screen. In fact, I would say, the further
away the better.




 Music in our life

   Music -  it art, reflecting validity in sound art images,  one of the
forms of  public  ideology. Having  by  powerful  force direct emotional
effect, music  during  of  all  history of man-kind plays a huge social,
cultural and educational role.
   Leading composers  are  connected  to  progressive  public movements,
life, interests and aspirations people. Each nations differs by peculiar
national features. Folk  music,  being  improved  by creative efforts of
many generations  of  the people, reaches a high degree of art maturity.
On the basis of riches of national music professional musical creativity
of composers  is developed. Rejection of music from advanced ideas epoch
of national  culture, national roots of art leads to it's to decline and
degeneration.
   Idea emotional  contents of music is passed through sound art images,
implemented in musical sounds. The basis of music is the tune. According
to the  way  of  performance  music  is  devided  into  2 main branches:
instrumental and vocal.
   There are  a great number of different styles of music, such as Jazz,
Pop,  Rock,  Classic;  and new  musical directions. One of the new music
directions is  Rave. I  prefer  to listen hard-core and more quiet music
such as Roxette and others.
   Now days  the  number  of  music  styles  is growing, and every young
people, which  are  fond  of  music  can  easily choose that style which
appeals to them.



 Learning languages

   The problem  of  learning  languages is very important today. Foreign
languages are  socially demanded especially at the present time when the
progress in  science and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge
and has  contributed  to an overflow of information. The total knowledge
of mankind  is  known to double every seven years. Foreign languages are
needed as  the  main and most efficient means of information exchange of
the people of our planet.
   Today English  is  the language of the world. Over 350 million people
speak it  as  a mother  tongue. The  native  speakers of English live in
Great Britain, the United States of America,  Australia and New Zealand.
English is  one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada,
the South  African  Republic. As  a second  language  it  is used in the
former British and US colonies.
   It is  the  major  international  language  for communication in such
areas as science,  technology,  business and mass entertainment. English
is one  of the official languages of the United Nations Organization and
other political  organization. It  is  the  language  of the literature,
education, modern music, international tourism.
   Russia is  integrating  into  the  world community and the problem of
learning English  for  the purpose of communication is espicially urgent
today. Learning  a foreing  language is not as easy thing.  It is a long
and slow  process  that  takes  a lot  of time and patience. But to know
English is  absolutely  necessary  for  every educated person, for every
good specialist.
   It is  well  known  that reading books in the original , listening to
the BBC news, communicating with the English speaking people will help a
lot. When  learning a foreign language you learn the culture and history
of the  native  speakers. One  must  work  hard  to  learn  any  foreign
language.




LONDON, Jack  (1876-1916).

   The novelist and short-story writer Jack London was, in his lifetime,
one of the most popular authors in the world. After World War I his fame
was eclipsed in the United States by a new generation of writers, but he
remained popular  in  many  other  countries, especially  in  the Soviet
Union, for   his  romantic  tales  of  adventure  mixed  with  elemental
struggles for survival.
   John Griffith London was born in San Francisco on Jan. 12, 1876.  His
family was  poor, and  he  was  forced  to  go  to work early in life to
support himself. At  17 he sailed to Japan and Siberia on a seal-hunting
voyage. He  was  largely self-taught,  reading voluminously in libraries
and spending  a year  at the University of California. In the late 1890s
he joined  the  gold  rush  to  the  Klondike. This  experience gave him
material for his first book, 'The Son of Wolf',  published in 1900,  and
for 'Call of the Wild' (1903), one of his most popular stories.
   In his  writing career of 17 years, London produced 50 books and many
short stories. He  wrote  mostly  for  money,  to  meet  ever-increasing
expenses. His  fame as a writer gave him a ready audience as a spokesman
for a   peculiar   and   inconsistent  blend  of  socialism  and  racial
superiority.
   London's works,  all hastily written, are of uneven quality. The best
books are the Klondike tales, which also include 'White Fang' (1906) and
'Burning Daylight'  (1910). His  most  enduring  novel  is  probably the
autobiographical 'Martin  Eden'  (1909), but  the  exciting  'Sea  Wolf'
(1904) continues to have great appeal for young readers.
   In 1910 London settled near Glen Ellen, Calif.,  where he intended to
build his  dream  home, "Wolf House." After the house burned down before
completion in 1913, he was a broken and sick man. His death on Nov.  22,
1916, from an overdose of drugs, was probably a suicide.






                                         	SPORTS IN GREAT BRITAN.
   The English  are  great lovers of sport; and they are neither playing
nor waching  games,  they  like  to  talk about them. However,  there is
important thing about sport in Britain which we must know. Today, an big
sports is professional and famous players can make a lot of money.
   Lat's take  Football for example. It is the most popular team game in
Britain. It is played in most of the schools, and there are thousands of
amatur teams  for young man in all parts of the country. But for most of
the public, football  is  a professionals  games  which  is  watched  on
saturday afternoons at the stadiym.
   Professional football  is  big  business. Every  larg town has one or
more professional clubs.
   Ragby football  is played with an oval ball which may be carried. The
players in  the  other team try to stop the man running with the ball by
frowin him to the ground. There are fifteen players in each team.
   Sports competition  get  big  crowds  in  Great Britan. All people in
Great britan  are  fond  of sport and Englishman know is they train hard
Sport will make them srong and helthy.



                          Customs and traditions of english speaking countries.

   Every country  and  every nation has it's own traditions and customs.
It's very  important to know traditions and customs of different people.
It will  help  you  to know more about the history and life of different
nations and  countries.One  cannot  speak about England without speaking
about it's  traditions  and customs .They are very important in the life
of English people.Englishman are proud of their traditions and carefully
keep them up. There are six public holidays a year in G.B.. Cristmas day
is one  of  their  favorite  holidays.It's  celebrated  on  the 25-th of
december. There  are some traditions connected with it.One of them is to
give presents  to  each  other.It  is  not  only children and members of
family.It's a tradition to give cristmas presents to the people you work
with.Another tradition  is  to  send  cristmas cards.All these cards are
brightly and  coloured.Most of big cities of G.B.,especially London, are
decorated with  coloured lights and cristmas trees. On Trafalgar Square,
in the center of London stands a big cristmas tree.It is a gift from the
people of Oslo.It is over 50 feet high. Many families celebrate cristmas
day in  the open air near the cristmas tree in order to catch the spirit
of cristmas.Children  find  cristmas  presents  in  their  stockings.The
traditional english dinner on cristmas is turkey and pudding.Other great
holidays are:FatherÒs day,MotherÒs day,Helloween and other.



`                                            Mass media.
   Mass media ( that is the press, the radio and television ) play an important role in the life of society. They inform, educate and entertain people. They also influence the way people look at the world and make them change their views. Mass media mould public opinion.Millions of people in their spare time watch TV and read newspapers.
   Everybody can find there something interesting for him. On the radio
one can hear music, plays, news and various discussions or commentaries of current events. Lot's radio or TV games and films attract a large audience. Newspapers uses in different ways,but basically they are read.
   There is a lot of advertisment on mass media. Some of the TV and radio stations and newspapers are owned by different corporations. The owners can advertise whatever they choose.
   But it is hardly fair to say that mass media do not try to raise cultural level of the people or to develop their artistic taste. Mass media brings to millions of homes not only entertaiment and news but also cultural and educational programs.
   There are more then six TV channels and lot's of radio stations and newspapers now in the Russian Federation.
                                 Education in Russia
   An educated person is one who knows a lot about many things.I think it is very important that everyone should be educated.Each pupils ought todo his best to become a useful member of our society. Education is very important in our life. Going on educational excursions gives us opportunities to acquire some scientific knowledge.
   In the Russian Federation the school education is compulsary. Pupils begin to go to school at the age of six. When they complete high grades they can either continue to study at school for more 2 years, or go to a professional school where they study not only main subjects , but are able to learn some profession. When school pupils leave school they can try to continue their educaton in institutes or universities.
   There are many school types of schools in Russia: specialized, politecnical, musical art and others. Nowdays appeared some new types of schools: gimnasiums and colledges.

                         The educational system of Great Britain.
   The educational system of G.B. is extreamely complex and bewildering.
It is very difficult to generalise about particular types of schools as schools
differ from one to the other. The departament of education and science is
responsible for national educational policy,but it doesn't employe teacher or prescribe corricular or text books.
   Each school has it's own board of governers consisting of teachers, parents, local politicians, members of local community, businessmen and sometimes pupils. According to the law only one subject is compulsary. Such as religious instruction.
   Schooling for children is compulsary from 5 to 16, though some provision is made for children under 5 and some pupils remain at school after 16 to prepare for higher education.
   The state school system is usually devided into 2 stages (secondary and primary).The majority of primary schools are mixed.They are subdevided into infant schools(ages 5 to 7),and junior schools(ages 7 to11). In junior schools pupils were often placed in A,B,C or D-streams, according to their abilities. Under the pressue of progressive parents and teachers the 11+ examination has now been abolished in most parts of the country. There are some types of schools in G.B.Grammar schools provided an academical cause for selected pupils from the age of 11 to 18. Only those children who have the best results are admitted to these schools. They give pupils a high level of academic education wich can lead to the university.
  Technical Schools offer a general education with a technical bias and serve those pupils who are more mecanically minded. The corricular includes more science and mathematics. Secondary modern schools were formed to provide a non-academic education for children of lesser attainment. The corricular includes more practical subjects. The comprehensive schools brings about a general improvement in the system of secondary education.

                                                Leasure time.
  Everybody sometimes has a free time. Somebody  prefer's only  to sleep in     their liesure time, but the  largest part of us prefer to do a great amount of things which are pleasant and interesting for us. It may be reading, a various types of sport game, watching TV, listening music and others. If   we have  a few day or  a week we prefer  to go to the attractive places. Many  peoples thing that pupils and studients have too much liesure ,but in my opinion, they are wrong. We are very busy. Many pupils have six  or  se-ven lessons a day  and go to school live or six day a week. Even during the holiday we learn our lessons after school. And we just no time to go some-there. Oldest of us are working after school or institutes. I'am not spend my time at school and ofter I have a free time. The large part of my free time  devote to reading. I like to read books about another coun-tries, another times and another worlds. Also I read books about history of our country.                                                                                         Besides reading I like to do physical exercises. I and my school friends often gather after school and play basketball, fooftball or other active games. But my favorite hobby is travelling. Usually I travel in summer and ofter it is a trip to the south, to the warm sea.  thing all peoples must have other occupation besides their basic work, because it extand the bounduries of the familar world and teach us something new about people and thing.

           Customs and traditions of english speaking countries.
  Every country and every nation has it's own traditions and customs.It's very important to know traditions and customs of different people.it will help you toknow more about  the history and life of different nations and countries.One cannot speak about england without speaking about it's traditions and customs .They are very important in the life of english people.Englishman are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. There are six public holidays a year in G.B.Cristmas day is one of their favorite holidays.It's celebrated on the 25-th of december. There are some traditions connected with it.One of them is to give presents to each other.It is not only choldren and members of family.It's a tradition to give cristmas presents to the people you work with.Another tradition is to send cristmas cards.All these cards are brightly and coloured.Most of big cities of G.B.,especially London, are decorated with coloured lights and cristmas trees. On Trafalgar Square,in the center of London stands a big cristmas tree.It is a gift from the people of Oslo.It is over 50 feet  high. Many families celebrate cristmas day in the open air near the cristmas tree in order to catch the spirit of cristmas.Children find cristmas presents in their stockings.The traditional english dinner on cristmas is turkey and pudding. Other great holidays are:Father's day,Mother's day,Helloween and other.




                                                                  [ÂÂ1]
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5






                                  Òõüû ú ÷ð¢¸ªº (15 üð ):
   1. Renaissance.
   2. William Shakespeare.
   3. Shakespeare's works and Hamlet's soliloguy.
   4. Enlightment.
   5. Daniel Defoe.
   6. "Robinson Crusoe".
   7. Jonathan Swift.
   8. "Gulliver's Travels".
   9. Robert Burns.

                                  1.The Renaissance.
   The Renaissance or the revival of learning was the period then european culture was at it's high. It lasted from the 14'th centure till 17'th centure, and was coursed by complex economic situation and social conditions. The feudal system was been shuttled by the bourgeoisie, thich was getting stronger and stronger. It was more profitable to unite under a single rouler. Absolute monacy came into being. This lead to the forming  of nations and the true sense of the world. New social and economic conditions called for the new ideology, because the catholic dogmas didn't correspond to the new trend of life. For this reason in many european countries the protestant religion sprend up and national churches were established.
   Instead of the blind face ordered by the catholic then appeared a new outlook which was called humanism. The time demanded positive recional knowledge and this demand was supplied: in astronomy by Copernicus, in philosophy by Tomas More, in geography by Columbus, Vaska de Gama and others. Leonardo de Vinci was force a new feory of art: "It was the greatest progressive revolution that mankind have so far experience, a time, thich called for "Giants" and produced Giants in power and thought, passion and character in universality and language."
   An example of a typical men of the Renaissance period was: the famous Englishmen sir Walter Raleigh, he was a soldier, sailor, explorer, pirate, coloniser, historian, thilosother and a poet. He was much interested in science and literature. He wrote works of geography and lead expedition to South America. He was an outstanding poet. His poems are full of profound wisdom, written with great elegance and salacity of style. He organised of "academy". Christother Marlowe the greatest dramatist (before Shakespear). But the most important of most this writer and one of the greatest men of this period was sir Thomas More.
                                  Thomas More.
   He came into great favour and made a repid carrier as a statesmen, at the same time writing works of a political, philosophical and historical character. His most famous book is "Utopie". "Utopie" - means "no place, no there". The work is writing in latin and devided into two books. Thomas More was the first writer in Europe to formulate communist principals as a bases of society.

                             The Renaisense in England.
                            The prideses of Shakespeare.
   The most brilliant period of English literature was in the second half of the 16'th and begining of 17'th centure.Sometimes it's called "Elizabethen age" after quen Elizabeth 5. England had become a geat world power. It had established wide commercial contact with countries And rich trading company had been organaized. The english people were now a great nation and the english language inriched was now not unlike the language of Chaucer. Many famous poetical and prose works appeared. Among those who inriched the literary haritage of this period ere sir Philip Sydney, Adnond Spenser and Christother Marlowe. There were fine works of poetry and prose in the Elizabethen age but the greatest hight's of literature of this period were riached in drama.

                             2. Life of Shakespeare.
   The great poet and dramatist William Shakespeare is often called by his people "Our National Bard", "The Immortal. Poet of nature" and "The Great Unknown". More than two hundred contemporary references to Shakespeare have been located amoung church records, legal records, documents in the Public Record Office, and miscellaneous repositories. When these owe assembled, we have at least the sceleton out line of his life, begining with his baptist on April 26, 1564, in Trinity Churche, Stratford-on-Avon, and ending  with his burial there on April 25, 1616. Shakespeare native place was Sratford-on-Avon, a little town in Warwickshive, which is generally described as beign in the middle of England.
   Shakespeare's father, John, was a prosperious glove maker of Stratford who, after holding minor municipal offices, was elected high bailiff of Stratford. Shakespeare's mother Mary Arden, came from an affluent family of landowners.
   Shakespeare probably recieved his early education at the exellent Stratford Grammar School, supervised by an Oxford graduate, where he would have learned Latin smattering of Greek.
   In 1582 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, who lived in a neighboring hamlet. The first child born to Ann and William was their daughter Susanna. In about two years Ann bore him twins a boy and a girl, Hamlet and Jidith.
   Then life in Stratford became intolerable for William Shakespeare and he dicided to go to London and began a theatrical career. Shakespeare major activity lay in the field of drama. He became a full shaveholder in his acting company, he was partowner of "the Globe" theatre and later of "the Blackfriars" theatre, and in 1597 he purchased property in Strarford. Including new place, one of the largest houses in the town. He probably refired there about 1610, travelling of London when necessary to take cave of his theatrical business. In all, 154 sonnets seguence. The sonnets were probably written in the 1590 but were first published in 1609.

                              3. Shakespeare's works.
   Shakespeare's literary work is usually divided into three periods. The first period of his creative work falls between 1590 and 1600. Shakespeare's comedies belong to the first period of his creativ work. They all are written in his playfull manner and and in the brilliant poetry that conveys the spectator to Italy. Some of the first plays of the first period are: "Richard 3" (1592), "The comedy of errors" (1592), "Romeo and Juliet" (1594), "Julius Caesar" (1599), "As you like it" (1599), 1600 - "Twelth night". Shakespe-are's poems are also attributed to the first period, "Venus and Adonis" and "Lucrece", and 154 sonnets. "Venus and Adonis" was the first of Shakespeare's works that came off the press. The second period of Shakespeare's creative work during from 1600 to 1608. His famous tragedies appeared at this time. In the plays of this period the dramatist reaches his full maturity. He presents great humans problems. His tragedies and historical plays made Shakespeare the greatest humanist of the English Renaissanse. Some plays of the second period: 1601 - "Hamlet", 1604 - "Othello".
   Shakespeare's plays of the third period are called the "Romantic dramas". There is no tragic tension in these plays. This period lasted from 1609 till 1612.
   1609 - "Cymbeline",  1610 - "The Winters Tale", 1612 - "Henry 8".

                                  Hamlet's soliloguy.
     To be, or not to be, that is the question:
     Whether tis nobler in the mind to sufler.
     The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
     Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
     And by opposing and then. To die, to sleep -
     No more, and by a sleep to say we end
     The heart - ache, and the thousand natural shocks
     That flesh is hear to;  'tis a consummation
     Devoutly to be wished. To die to sleep -
     To sleep! Perchance to dream! Ay, there's the rub
     For in that sleep of death what dreams may comes,
     When we have shuflled off this mortal coil
     Must give pause - there's the respect
     That makes calimity of so long life.


                             4. The Enlightment.
   The history of England and second part of the 17'th centure, and during the 18'th centure was marked by British colonial, expression and struggle for the leading role in cowers. The writters and philosofists of this age protested against the sovivals of feodalizm in thich they saw the main evil of this time. Man they thought was vertains by nature and wise was duty ignorence to they started a pubic movement for enlighting the people. This movement was called "the enlightment". The enlighters belived in the power of reason and the period was also called "the age of reason". This period saw a remarkable rise in literature. English literature of this period may be characterise by the following features: 1.The rise of the political pamphlets and issue. The novell became the leading genre. 2. The prose style became clever gracefull and polished. 3. The hero of the novell was no longer a prince but a representative of the middle class. 4. Literature became very instructive.
   The literature of this age may be divided into 3 periods:
 The 1'st period is caracterised by classisizm in poetry. The greatest follower of the classical style was Alexander Pope. There appeared the first realistic novels written by Defoe and Swift.
 The 2'nd peiod saw the development of the realistic social novel, represen-tive by Richardson, Fielding and others.
 The 3'rd period is marked by the appiriense of a new trends: sentimenta-lizm. Typefed by the works of Goldsmith and Stern. This period also saw the rise of the realistic drama (R. Sheridan).

                                 5. Daniel Defoe.
   DD was the founder of the realistic novel. He was also a brilliant journa-list and in many ways the father of modern English periodicals. He founded and paved the way for many magazines ( "The Revue", "The Spectator").
   DD was born in London, his father a butcher, was wealthy enough to give his sone a good education. D was to become a prist, but it was his cheariched desire to become wealthy. His wished was never fullfield. D was banckrote several times. He was always in deep debt. The inly branch of business in which he proved succesful was journalism and literature. When D was about 23 he started writting pamphlets on question of the hour. He started writting pamphlets prassing King William 3, who was supported by the whig party. D wrote a setire in woth. No matter in whose defends his brilliant pamphlets were written they are irony was so subtle, that the enemy didn't understand it at first. But as soon as his enemy realised the real character of the pamphlets D was sentensed to 7 years inprisonment. It was a cruel punishment, and when the came for him to be set free people carried him on their shoulders.. This was the climax of his political career and the end of it. In 1719, he tried his hand at another kind of literature - fiction, and wrote the novel he is now best known: "Robison Crusoe". After the book was published, D became famous and rich and was able to pay his creditors in full. Other novels which D were also very much talked about during his lifetime, but we do not hear much about them now. For example "Captain Singleton"(1720), "Moll Flanders"(1722).
                                 6. Robinson Crusoe.
   Books about voyages and new discoveries were very popular in the first quater of the 18'th centure and many stories of this then had been written but while Defoe was busy with politics he didn't think of also trying his hand at it. However one story in in Steel magasine attracted his attention.
It was about Scotish sailor, who lived quite alone 4 years and 4 month on a desert island. Defoe's hero, R.C., however spend 26 years on a desert island. The novel was a prase tohuman labour and the triumph the men over the nature. Labour and fortitude help Robinson to endure hardships. They save him from dispair. The very process of hardwork gives his satisfaction. R's most characteristic tract is his optimism. His guiding prencipal in life was: "never said die" and "in trouble to be troubles is to have your trouble double."

                                      7. Jonathan Swift.
                                          (1667-1745)
   JS was the greatest of English satiriste. His better satire at the contempro-rary social order in jeneral and an the policy of English government towards in particular. That's why the Irish people considered Swift the champion in the struggle for the wealthy and freedom of their country.
   JS was born in Dublin, but he came from English family. His father died at the age of 25, liaving his wife and daughter penuiless. His son was born seven month later after his death. The boy knew little of his mother chearch. He hardly ever saw her, during his childhood. J was supported by his uncle Godwin. At the age of 6 he was send to school, which he left at 14. When he entered a college in Dublin and got his bacheloris degree in 1686.
                                 8. Gulliver's Travels.
   In 1726 Swift's masterpiece "Gulliver's Travels" appeared. This work made a great sensation in Ireland as well as in England, it equally strirred the interests  of those in politics as well as the readers of novels.
   In this work Swift intended to satirise the evils of the existing society in the form of fictions travels. It tells of the adventures of ship surgeon, as related by himself and divided into four parts of four voyages:
1. A voyage to Liliput.
2. A voyage to Brobdignag.
3. A  voyage to Laputa.
4. A voyage to the country of Houyhnhnms.

   1. The first voyage was to a strange country Lilliput. As the result of a shipwreck Gulliver finds himself in a country, inhabited by a race of people about six inches high. Everything else in this country is on a correspondent scale. Swift meant this small country with it's shallow interest, corrupted laws and evil customs to symbolize the England of the 18'th centure, the court with it's atmosphere of hostility, hypocrizy and flattery where the author felt as lonely as his hero when among the liliputians.
   2. Before long Gulliver undertakes another voyage. The ship anchors near the land of the giants to take in a supply of water. While on shore Gulliver is captured by the giants. They are good-natured creatures and treat Gulliver kindly, though they are amused by his small size and look upon him as a plaything.
   Brobdingnag is an expression of Swift's desire to find the ideal and escape from the disgusting world of the Liliputians. The author idealizes an agricultural country ruled by ideal monarch. Swift creates such a monarch in the king of Brobdingnag. He is clever, honest and kind to his people. He hates wars and wants to make his people happy.
   3. The third voyage is to Laputa, a flying island Laputa. Swift's imagination the bitterness of his  satire reach their climax in the third part where he shows the academy of sciences in Laputa (the author touches upon all the existing sciences). It is easy enough to understand that in ridiculing the academy of Laputa. Swift ridicults the scientists of the 18'th century. The scientists are shut in their chambers isolated from all the world.
   3. In the 4'th part Swift describes Gulliver's adventures at the Heuyhnhnms - a ideal land where were is neither sickness, dishonesty, non any of the frivo-lities of human scociety. The human race ocupies a position of servility there and a noble race of horces rules the country by reason and justice.
   "Gulliver's travels was one of the greatest works of the period of the Enlightment in world literature. Swift's democratic ideas expressed in the book had a great influence on the English writers who came after Swift.

                                        9. Robert Burns.
   RB is the national poet of Scotland. Every year on his bithday scotsmen all over the world gather together for a traditional celebration in which his memory is glorified,his poems are recited and his song are sung. Burns poetry is loved and enjoied by all his countrymen. They love Burns for the generosity and kindness of his nature, for his patriotism and truthfulness. In his poems he sang the pride and dignity of the Scotish peasantry.
   Burns sang the beauty and the glory of his native land. He gloryfield true love and friendship.
   Burns was born in Alloway, near Ayr, on the 25 of January, 1759. His father was a hard-working man and he took great trouble to give his family all the education he could.
   When Robert was 6, he was send to a school at Alloway Miln. Robert were given a good knowledge of English.
   For some years Burns worked on the family farm. They lived very poor.
Burns wrote his first poem at the age of 14. And from then till his death his poems and songs came out, giving delight and joy to the himself, his countrymen and all the world around. Burns worked with his father and brothers. The death of his father in 1784 left Burns free to chose his own kind of life, but it also gave him new resposobilities as head of the family. As a farmer he was unsuccessful and moved to other place - Burns published his poems in Kilmarnock in 1786. The success was great.
   Burns wrote many poems and songs. After a short illness he died on 21'st July, 1796. Millions of people all over the world highly esteem and love Burns poems.
   S. Marshak, a great soviet poet, brought Burns to russian people throught his fine translate.

                            My Heart's in the Highlands.
           My heart's in the Highlands, my heart is not here;
           My heart's in the Highkands, a chasing the deer;
           A-chasing the wild deer, and following the roe -
           My heart in the Highlands wherever I go.
         Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North,
         The birthplace of valour, the country of worth:
         Wherever I wander, wherever I rove,
         The hills of the Highlands for ever I love.
           Farewell to the mountains high cover'd with snow;
           Farewell to the straths  and green valleys below;
           Farewell to the forests and wild-handing woods;
           Farewell to the torrents and loud pouring floods.
         My heart's in the Highlands, my heart is not here;
         My heart's in the Highkands, a chasing the deer;
         A-chasing the wild deer, and following the roe -
         My heart in the Highlands wherever I go.





                        THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
1. Geographical position and phisical teatures:
  The USA occupy a large territory and are situated in the sentral and southen part of north America. The USA is washed by the Atlantic ocean in the east and by the Pasific ocean in the west. In the north, the USA is borders on Canada and in the south on Mexico.
2. Climet:
  Mountain rangres coss the country from north to south and don't protect it from the north and warm ear from the south. The USA has a continental climet.
3.Riches of the USA:
  Large reserves of oil, coal, iron and other minerals from solid Baise from development of america industry.
4.Arias,lakes:
  The USA is divited into free arias:Esten area a highland,central area a plain and Western area wich is Mountains and includes the Rocky Mountains and the Sierria Nevada.
5. Lakes
  There are five great lakes in the northen part of the USA.There are: Huren, Michigan, Supireo, Onterio, Erie. There are connected by channeis cut by rapids one of them the Neagara Folls.
6. Rivers
  The Missisipy together with the Missury is the longast river in the world. The rivers of the west are unsutible for navigation.The larges of them are Colombia and Colorado rivers.
       PART 2 National Economy.
  The USA is a  hardly developed capitalitic country.Heavy industry prevails in the USA,including such brauches as the mining , metalurgical,engineering out chemical industes.Being well developed light industry includes,textile, leather and footwear industries.The food industry is also well developed.
As agriculture bouth animal husbeudry and arally farming are prominent in the economy of the USA.     
